Dissociative symptom complexes in mental disorders
Authors
A.P. Kotsyubinsky
Federal State Budgetary Institution “V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
A.R. Protasov
Federal State Budgetary Institution “V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
Yu.V. Isaenko
Federal State Budgetary Institution “V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
A.A. Stepanova
Federal State Budgetary Institution “V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
D.E. Bolotova
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “First Saint Petersburg State Medical University named after academician I.P. Pavlov” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
https://doi.org/10.26617/1810-3111-2025-2(127)-33-44
Journal: Siberian Herald of Psychiatry and Addiction Psychiatry. 2025; 2 (127): 33-44.
Abstract
Personality dimensions identified in ICD-11 actually represent a nonpsychotic level of those dimensions that are designated as psychotic in the case of development of severe, chronic mental and behavioral disorders with persistent and more severe symptoms. This understanding opens up the prospect of talking about an extended representation of each dimension as a phenomenon characterized by a continuum of severity from a nonpsychotic to a psychotic level. It is proposed to include its dissociative type in the list of dimensions. Guided by the principle of a five-level representation of all dimensions in the range from 0 to 4, we propose a glossary containing specific principles for ranking the dissociative dimension. This diagnostic approach will allow differentiating more accurately the mental states of patients across degrees of severity of the disease and its holistic clinical presentations.
Keywords: dissociation, dissociative disorders, dimensions, dimensional approach, categorical approach.
Contacts
This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Materials
For citationKotsyubinsky A.P., Protasov A.R., Isaenko Yu.V., Stepanova A.A., Bolotova D.E. Dissociative symptom complexesin mental disorders. Sibirskii Vestnik Psikhiatrii i Narkologii.2025; 2 (127): 33-44. https://doi.org/10.26617/1810-3111-2025-2(127)-33-44
REFERENCES
- Reznik AM, Kostyuk GP, Morozova AYu, Zakha-rova NV. Problems of genetic prerequisites of schizophrenia ‒ data of molecular-genetic research. Health, Food & Biotechnology. 2019;1(1):27-45 https://doi.org/10.36107/hfb.2019.il.s163(in Russian).
- Harrison PJ. Recent genetic findings in schizophrenia and their therapeutic relevance. J Psychopharmacol. 2015 Feb;29(2):85-96. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881114553647. Epub 2014 Oct 14. PMID: 25315827; PMCID: PMC4361495.
- Hewitt JK. Editorial policy on candidate gene association and candidate gene-by-environment interaction studies of complex traits. Behav Genet. 2012 Jan;42(1):1-2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-011-9504-z. Epub 2011 Sep 18. PMID: 21928046.
- Klein RJ, Zeiss C, Chew EY, Tsai JY, Sackler RS, Haynes C, Henning AK, SanGiovanni JP, Mane SM, Mayne ST, Bracken MB, Ferris FL, Ott J, Barnstable C, Hoh J. Complement factor H polymorphism in age-related macular degeneration. Science. 2005 Apr 15;308(5720):385-9. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1109557. Epub 2005 Mar 10. PMID: 15761122; PMCID: PMC1512523.
- Esterberg ML, Compton MT. The psychosis continuum and categorical versus dimensional diagnostic approaches. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2009 Jun;11(3):179-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-009-0028-7. PMID: 19470278.
- Van Os J, Gilvarry C, Bale R, Van Horn E, Tattan T, White I, Murray R. A comparison of the utility of dimensional and categorical representations of psychosis. UK700 Group. Psychol Med. 1999 May;29(3):595-606.https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291798008162. PMID: 10405080.
- Marková IS, Berrios GE. Epistemology of psychiatry. Psychopathology. 2012;45(4):220-7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000331599. Epub 2012 May 22. PMID: 22627668.
- Gaebel W. Status of psychotic disorders in ICD-11. Schizophr Bull. 2012 Sep;38(5):895-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbs104. PMID: 22987845; PMCID: PMC3446222.
- Chesnokova OI. Personality disorders in The International Classification of Diseases, 11th revision (ICD-11). Omsk Psychiatric Journal. 2017;4(14):4-9 (in Russian).
- Farina B, Liotti M, Imperatori C. The role of attachment trauma and disintegrative pathogenic processes in the traumatic-dissociative dimension. Front Psychol. 2019 Apr 26;10:933. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00933. PMID: 31080430; PMCID: PMC6497769.
- SemkeVYa, BelokrylovaMF. “Hysterical disease”: modern aspects of nosological specificity and psychosomatic relationships. Mental Disorders in General Medicine. 2006;1:16-22 (in Russian).
- Semke VYa. Hysterical illness. Moscow: Meditsina Publishing House, 1988:224 (in Russian).
- Bokhan NA, Ovchinnikov AA, Sultanova AN. Dissociation as a mechanism of psychological defense in adapting to a different cultur,al environment. V.M. Bekhterev Review of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology. 2017;1:26-30 (in Russian).
- BokhanNA, OvchinnikovAA. Dissociative model of alcoholism formation. Tomsk: Tomsk University Press, 2008:156-166 (in Russian).
- Kamaldinov DO, Kiseleva LT, Ovchinnikov AA. The influence of society and the status of the “moratorium on identity” in the formation of addiction. Siberian Herald of Psychiatry and Addiction Psychiatry. 1999;2-3:396-397 (in Russian).
- World Health Organization. ICD-11. 2018. (in Russian).
- Liotti G. Trauma, dissociation, and disorganized attachment: Three strands of a single braid. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training. 2004;41(4):472-86.https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.41.4.472.
- Liotti G. Conflicts between motivational systems related to attachment trauma: Key to understanding the intra-family relationship between abused children and their abusers. J Trauma Dissociation. 2017 May-Jun;18(3):304-318.https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2017.1295392. Epub2017 Mar 1. PMID: 28318416.
- Briere J, Scott C, Weathers F. Peritraumatic and persistent dissociation in the presumed etiology of PTSD. Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Dec;162(12):2295-301. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.12.2295. PMID: 16330593.
- Van der Hart O, Nijenhuis ERS, Steele K. The haunted self: Structural dissociation and the treatment of chronic traumatization. WW Norton & Company, 2006.
- Schore AN. Attachment trauma and the developing right brain: Origins of pathological dissociation. In: PF Dell, JA O'Neil (eds.). Dissociation and the dissociative disorders: DSM-V and beyond. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group: 107-141.
- Sar V. Developmental trauma, complex PTSD, and the current proposal of DSM-5. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2011;2(1):5622. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v2i0.5622. Epub 2011 Mar 7. PMID: 22893823; PMCID: PMC3402152.
- Şar V. Parallel-distinct structures of internal world and external reality: Disavowing and re-claiming the self-identity in the aftermath of trauma-generated dissociation. Front Psychol. 2017 Feb 17;8:216. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00216. PMID: 28261144; PMCID: PMC5313499.
- Farina B, Speranza AM, Dittoni S, Gnoni V, Trentini C, Vergano CM, Liotti G, Brunetti R, Testani E, Della Marca G. Memories of attachment hamper EEG cortical connectivity in dissociative patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014 Aug;264(5):449-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-013-0461-9. PMID: 24121863.
- Farina B, Imperatori C. What if dissociation were a psychopathological dimension related to trauma? Authors’ reply to diagnostic challenges leading to underdiagnosis of dissociative disorders. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2017;13:409-10. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S131439.
- Farina B., Liotti G. Does a dissociative psychopathological dimension exist? A review on dissociative processes and symptoms in developmental trauma spectrum disorders. JTreatment Evaluation. 2013;10(1):11-8.
- van der Hart O, Dorahy MJ. History of the concept of dissociation. In: PF Dell, JA O'Neil (eds.). Dissociation and the dissociative disorders: DSM-V and beyond. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, 2009:3-26.
- Brown RJ. Different types of “dissociation” have different psychological mechanisms. J Trauma Dissociation. 2006;7(4):7-28. https://doi.org/10.1300/J229v07n04_02. PMID: 17182491.
- Petelin DS. Nosogenic reactions with autoaggression phenomena (postponement phenomenon) in malignant neoplasms: author's dissertation abstract Cand. Sc. (Medicine). Moscow, 2018:22(in Russian).
- Cardeña E, Spiegel D. Dissociative reactions to the San Francisco Bay Area earthquake of 1989. Am J Psychiatry. 1993 Mar;150(3):474-8. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.150.3.474. PMID: 8434665.
- van der Hart O, Nijenhuis E, Steele K, Brown D. Trauma-related dissociation: conceptual clarity lost and found. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2004 Nov-Dec;38(11-12):906-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2004.01480.x. PMID: 15555024.
- Holmes EA, Brown RJ, Mansell W, Fearon RP, Hunter EC, Frasquilho F, Oakley DA. Are there two qualitatively distinct forms of dissociation? A review and some clinical implications. Clin Psychol Rev. 2005 Jan;25(1):1-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2004.08.006. PMID: 15596078.
- Allen JG, Console DA, Lewis L. Dissociative detachment and memory impairment: reversible amnesia or encoding failure? Compr Psychiatry. 1999 Mar-Apr;40(2):160-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-440x(99)90121-9. PMID: 10080264.
- Guralnik O, Giesbrecht T, Knutelska M, Sirroff B, Simeon D. Cognitive functioning in depersonalization disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2007 Dec;195(12):983-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e31815c19cd.PMID: 18091191.
- Parnas J. Genetics and psychopathology of spectrum phenotypes. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2000 Jun;101(6):413-5. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.101006413.x. PMID: 10868464.
- Parnas J, Bovet P, Zahavi D. Schizophrenic autism: clinical phenomenology and pathogenetic implications. World Psychiatry. 2002 Oct;1(3):131-6. PMID: 16946833; PMCID: PMC1489853.
- Morrison AP, Frame L, Larkin W. Relationships between trauma and psychosis: a review and integration. Br J Clin Psychol. 2003 Nov;42(Pt 4):331-53. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466503322528892. PMID: 14633411.
- Tsirkin SYu. Analytical psychopathology. 3rd ed., revised and supplemented. Moscow: Binom Publishing House, 2012:288 (in Russian).
- Marmar CR, Weiss DS, Schlenger WE, Fairbank JA, Jordan BK, Kulka RA, Hough RL. Peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress in male Vietnam theater veterans. Am J Psychiatry. 1994 Jun; 151(6):902-7. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.151.6.902. PMID: 8185001.
- Fullerton CS, Ursano RJ, Epstein RS, Crowley B, Vance KL, Kao TC, Baum A. Peritraumatic dissociation following motor vehicle accidents: relationship to prior trauma and prior major depression. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2000 May;188(5):267-72. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-200005000-00003. PMID: 10830563.
- Boelen PA, Keijsers L, van den Hout MA. Peritraumatic dissociation after loss: latent structure and associations with psychopathology. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2012 Apr;200(4):362-4. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e31824cc60e.PMID: 22456592.
- McWilliams N. Psychoanalytic diagnosis: Understanding personality structure in the clinical process. 2nd ed. The Guilford Press, 2011:426.
- Hoenig J. The concept of Schizophrenia. Kraepelin-Bleuler-Schneider. Br J Psychiatry. 1983 Jun;142:547-56. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.142.6.547. PMID: 6349735.
- Ruzhenkova VV, Ruzhenkov VA, Bykova AA, Kolosova MA. Depersonalization and psychosensory disorders in young people who do not seek help from a psychiatrist (prevalence, clinical features and taxonomy). Pavlov Russian Medico-Biological Bulletin. 2018;26(1):70-85. https://doi.org/10.23888/PAVLOVJ201826170-85(in Russian).
- Usatenko EV. Comparative analysis of anxiety disorders (clinical and dynamic manifestations, cognitive-stylistic and personality characteristics of patients): dissertation D. Sc. (Medicine). Moscow, 2022:202 (in Russian).
- Bogdanova MV, Gorodovykh EV. Depersonalization as a protective-adaptive mechanism aimed at preserving ego-identity. Pedagogical Education in Russia. 2015;11:61-65(in Russian).
- Krylov VI. Depersonalization disorders (psychopathological features and taxonomy). Difficult Patient. 2019;17(5):43-50. https://doi.org/10.24411/2074-1995-2019-10042 (in Russian).
- Smulevich AB, Ivanov SV, Miasnikova LK, Dvoynikov SYu, Il'ina NA. Stress-induced dissociation in the trajectory of schizotypal personality dis-order (model nosogenias in cancer patients). S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2014;114(12):12‑22. https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro201411412112-22(in Russian).
- Krylov VI, Demeneva AA, Retyunsky KYu. The phenomenology of depersonalization in depressive disorders. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2020;120(7):37-41 https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro2020120112137(in Russian).
- Haug K. Die Störungen des Persönlichkeitsbewußtseins und verwandte Entfremdungserlebnisse: eine klinische und psychologische Studie.Stuttgart. 1936:211.
- Hollander E, Carrasco JL, Mullen LS, Trungold S, DeCaria CM, Towey J. Left hemispheric activation in depersonalization disorder: a case report. Biol Psychiatry. 1992 Jun 1;31(11):1157-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(92)90161-r. PMID: 1525279.
- Torch EM. Review of the relationship between obsession and depersonalization. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1978 Aug;58(2):191-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1978.tb06931.x. PMID: 696383.
- Wernice C. Grundriss der Psychiatrie in klinischen Vorlesungen. Leipzig: Verlag von Georg Thieme, 1900.
- Kozlovskaya GV, Kalinina MA. Schizotypal diathesis at early age as a predictor of schizophrenia. Psychiatry. 2013;4(60):27-31 (in Russian).
- Smulevich AB. Personality disorders. Moscow: Medical Information Agency Publishing House, 2007:192 (in Russian).
- Kotsyubinsky AP, Isaenko YuV, Aksenova IO, Morgunova AM, Razheva MK. Schizotypal disorder. Positive (neurosis-like and subpsychotic) symptom complexes: clinical guidelines. Saint Petersburg,2018:42 (in Russian).
- DiakonovAL. Depersonalizationsyndromeinschizophreniaspectrumdisorders. Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Clinical Psychology. 2020;11(2): 364-371. https://doi.org/10.34883/PI.2020.11.2.013(in Russian).
- LobkovSA, SobennikovaVV. Some aspects of disorders of self-cognition of neurotic and process genesis. Bulletin of Medical Science. 2023;3(S):107-109 (in Russian).
- Akhapkina MV. Psychopathology and clinical presentation of depersonalization disorders in schizophrenia: dissertation abstract Cand. Sc. (Medicine). Moscow, 1993:24 (in Russian).
- Vorobiev VYu. Juvenile schizophrenia with depersonalization: dissertation abstract Cand. Sc. (Medicine). Moscow, 1971:19 (in Russian).
- Haug K. Depersonalisation und verwandte Erscheinungen. In: Bumke O, Ewald G, Haug K, Luxenburger H, Scheid F. (eds.) Handbuch der Geisteskrankheiten. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1939:134-204. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-47333-3_2.
- Basova AYa. Delusional depersonalization (variants, dynamics, comorbidity): dissertation abstract Cand. Sc. (Medicine). Moscow, 2008:24 (in Russian).
- Bernstein EM, Putnam FW. Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1986 Dec;174(12):727-35. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198612000-00004. PMID: 3783140.
- Tarabrina NV. Tutorial on the psychology of post-traumatic stress. St. Petersburg: PiterPublishing House, 2001:272(in Russian).
- Gaebel W, Stricker J, Kerst A. Changes from ICD-10 to ICD-11 and future directions in psychiatric classification. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2020 Mar;22(1):7-15.https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.1/wgaebel.PMID: 32699501; PMCID: PMC7365296.