Дооперационные факторы риска формирования послеоперационного делирия в кардиохирургии. Актуальность геронтологического подхода (систематическое обзорное исследование зарубежной литературы по методологии ScR)

Дооперационные факторы риска формирования послеоперационного делирия в кардиохирургии. Актуальность геронтологического подхода (систематическое обзорное исследование зарубежной литературы по методологии ScR)

 

Авторы

 

К.П. Дик

ФГБОУ ВО «Уральский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России, Екатеринбург,

А.П. Сиденкова

ФГБОУ ВО «Уральский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России, Екатеринбург, Россия

 

https://doi.org/10.26617/1810-3111-2025-3(128)-105-117

 

Журнал:Сибирский вестник психиатрии и наркологии. 2025; 3(128): 105-117.

 

Реферат

Актуальность.Огромное количество кардиохирургических операций, выполняемых в настоящее время во всём мире, актуализирует вопросы их безопасности, в том числе в отношении риска развития послеоперационного делирия в раннем послеоперационном периоде. Цель: выяснить современные представления о дооперационных факторах риска формирования послеоперационного делирия у пациентов старше 55 лет, перенесших кардиохирургическую операцию, для дальнейшей разработки программ профилактики его развития у больных взрослого, пожилого и старческого возрастов. Материалы и методы. Проведено систематическое обзорное исследование профильной литературы по методологии Scoping Review (ScR) для получения информации о концепциях, источниках доказательств, научных пробелах. Материалом исследования явились научные публикации, размещенные в поисковой системе по биомедицинским исследованиям PubMed, отобранные по ключевым словам: послеоперационный делирий, кардиохирургия, факторы риска, пожилые, плановая кардиохирургическая операция. Результаты. Послеоперационный делирий является полигенным расстройством, его развитие на дооперационном этапе обусловлено участием системы центрального ацетилхолина, нейровоспалением, энергетической депривацией мозга, фактором «дряхлости», дооперационным нарушением психических функций. Фактор возраста является универсальным предиктором, обобщающим участие иных дооперационных причин в развитии послеоперационного делирия у пожилых кардиохирургических больных. По нашему мнению, вследствие старости, коморбидности с иными патологическими состояниями, снижения саногенетического защитного механизма церебрально-когнитивного резерва головной мозг пожилого человека неспецифически уязвим. Мы рассматриваем послеоперационный делирий как аберрантную реакцию на стресс, вызванную дисфункциональностью уязвимых мозговых систем адаптации, в ответ на стрессор – кардиохирургическую операцию. Исходя из этих представлений, задачей предикции является выявление и учет факторов уязвимости, их коррекция на предоперационном этапе, поддержание церебрально-когнитивного резерва. У пожилых пациентов это возможно с учетом общего геронтологического подхода.

 

Ключевые слова: послеоперационный делирий, кардиохирургия, факторы риска, пожилые, плановая кардиохирургическая операция.

 

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Для цитирования: Дик К.П., Сиденкова А.П. Дооперационные факторы риска формирования послеоперационного делирия в кардиохирургии. Актуальность геронтологического подхода (систематическое обзорное исследование зарубежной литературы по методологии ScR). Сибирский вестник психиатрии и наркологии. 2025. № 3 (128). С. 105-117. https://doi.org/10.26617/1810-3111-2025-3(128)-105-117

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