Идентификация биомаркеров шизофрении с помощью методов масс-спектрометрии (обзор литературы)

 

Авторы

 

А.Б. Языкова

ФГБОУ ВО «Приволжский исследовательский медицинский университет» Минздрава России, Нижний Новгород, Россия

А.Э. Новоселова

ФГБОУ ВО «Приволжский исследовательский медицинский университет» Минздрава России, Нижний Новгород, Россия

И.Е. Царьков

ФГБОУ ВО «Приволжский исследовательский медицинский университет» Минздрава России, Нижний Новгород, Россия

Т.В. Жиляева

ФГБОУ ВО «Приволжский исследовательский медицинский университет» Минздрава России, Нижний Новгород, Россия; ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и неврологии

им. В.М. Бехтерева» Минздрава России, Санкт-Петербург, Россия

 

https://doi.org/10.26617/1810-3111-2023-1(118)-71-81

 

Журнал:Сибирский вестник психиатрии и наркологии. 2023; 1(118): 71-81.

 

Реферат

Цель:анализ результатов современных отечественных и зарубежных исследований биологических маркеров шизофрении с помощью методов масс-спектрометрии, выделение основных перспективных направлений исследований в области метаболомики и протеомики при шизофрении, обсуждение принципов работы и современных возможностей различных модификаций масс-спектрометров при анализе протеомного и метаболомного составов биологических жидкостей пациентов, страдающих шизофренией. В результате анализа данных литературы с обобщением имеющихся в настоящее время результатов оригинальных исследований, систематических обзоров и метаанализов представлены сведения об основных группах биомаркеров и ведущих механизмах патогенеза, наиболее активно изучаемых в настоящее время при шизофрении методами масс-спектрометрии, а также об ограничениях метаболомики при изучении этого заболевания.

 

Ключевые слова: шизофрения, биологические маркеры, метаболомика, протеомика, масс-спектрометрия.

 

Статья (pdf)

 

Связь с автором

Этот адрес электронной почты защищён от спам-ботов. У вас должен быть включен JavaScript для просмотра.

 

Дополнительные материалы

 

Для цитирования: Языкова А.Б., Новоселова А.Э., Царьков И.Е., Жиляева Т.В. Идентификация биомаркеров шизофрении с помощью методов масс-спектрометрии (обзор литературы). Сибирский вестник психиатрии и наркологии. 2023. № 1 (118). С. 71-81 https://doi.org/10.26617/1810-3111-2023-1(118)-71-81

 

Литература

  1. Perkovic MN, Erjavec GN, Strac DS, Uzun S, Kozumplik O, Pivac N. Theranostic Biomarkers for Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Mar 30;18(4):733. doi: 10.3390/ijms18040733. PMID: 28358316; PMCID: PMC5412319.
  2. Lally J, MacCabe JH. Chapter 4. Epidemiology, impact, and predictors of treatment-resistant schizophrenia. In book: Treatment Response and Resistance in Schizophrenia.Oxford, 2018:35-49.
  3. Guest PC, Martins-de-Souza D, Schwarz E, Rahmoune H, Alsaif M, Tomasik J, Turck CW, Bahn S. Proteomic profiling in schizophrenia: enabling stratification for more effective treatment. Genome Med. 2013 Mar 26;5(3):25. doi: 10.1186/gm429. PMID: 23531373; PMCID: PMC3706977.
  4. Li P, Snyder GL, Vanover KE. Dopamine Targeting Drugs for the Treatment of Schizophrenia: Past, Present and Future. Curr Top Med Chem. 2016;16(29):3385-3403. doi: 10.2174/1568026616666160608084834. PMID: 27291902; PMCID: PMC5112764.
  5. Sullivan PF, Daly MJ, O'Donovan M. Genetic architectures of psychiatric disorders: the emerging picture and its implications. Nat Rev Genet. 2012 Jul 10;13(8):537-51. doi: 10.1038/nrg3240. PMID: 22777127; PMCID: PMC4110909.
  6. Cao B, Jin M, Brietzke E, McIntyre RS, Wang D, Rosenblat JD, Ragguett RM, Zhang C, Sun X, Rong C, Wang J. Serum metabolic profiling using small molecular water-soluble metabolites in individuals with schizophrenia: A longitudinal study using a pre-post-treatment design. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2019 Mar;73(3):100-108. doi: 10.1111/pcn.12779. Epub 2018 Oct 8. PMID: 30156046.
  7. Cao B, Wang D, Brietzke E, McIntyre RS, Pan Z, Cha D, Rosenblat JD, Zuckerman H, Liu Y, Xie Q, Wang J. Characterizing amino-acid biosignatures amongst individuals with schizophrenia: a case-control study. Amino Acids. 2018 Aug;50(8):1013-1023. doi: 10.1007/s00726-018-2579-6. Epub 2018 May 23. PMID: 29796929.
  8. Li C, Wang A, Wang C, Ramamurthy J, Zhang E, Guadagno E, Trakadis Y. Metabolomics in patients with psychosis: A systematic review. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2018 Sep;177(6):580-588. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32662. Epub 2018 Aug 4. PMID: 30076730.
  9. Chen Y, Liu L. Targeted Proteomics. Methods Mol Biol. 2019;1871:265-277. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8814-3_17. PMID: 30276745.
  10. Aebersold R, Mann M. Mass-spectrometric exploration of proteome structure and function. Nature. 2016 Sep 15;537(7620):347-55. doi: 10.1038/nature19949. PMID: 27629641.
  11. Смирнова Л.П., Иванова С.А., Семке А.В., Бохан Н.А. Пилотные результаты протеомного анализа сыворотки крови больных шизофренией. В книге: Биологические маркеры шизофрении: поиск и клиническое применение / под ред. Н.А. Бохана, С.А. Ивановой. Новосибирск: Изд-во СО РАН, 2017. С. 131-145.
  12. Li X, Wang W, Chen J. Recent progress in mass spectrometry proteomics for biomedical research. Sci China Life Sci. 2017 Oct;60(10):1093-1113. doi: 10.1007/s11427-017-9175-2. PMID: 29039124.
  13. Di Girolamo F, Lante I, Muraca M, Putignani L. The Role of Mass Spectrometry in the "Omics" Era. Curr Org Chem. 2013 Dec;17(23):2891-2905. doi: 10.2174/1385272817888131118162725.PMID: 24376367; PMCID: PMC3873040.
  14. Ryan DJ, Spraggins JM, Caprioli RM. Protein identification strategies in MALDI imaging mass spectrometry: a brief review. Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2019 Feb;48:64-72. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa. 2018.10.023. Epub 2018 Nov 23. PMID: 30476689; PMCID: PMC6382520.
  15. Oviaño M, Bou G. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry for the Rapid Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanisms and Beyond. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2018 Nov 28;32(1):e00037-18. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00037-18. PMID: 30487165; PMCID: PMC6302359.
  16. Iavarone F, Melis M, Platania G, Cabras T, Manconi B, Petruzzelli R, Cordaro M, Siracusano A, Faa G, Messana I, Zanasi M, Castagnola M. Characterization of salivary proteins of schizophrenic and bipolar disorder patients by top-down proteomics. J Proteomics. 2014 May 30;103:15-22. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.03.020. Epub 2014 Mar 30. PMID: 24690516.
  17. Fiehn O. Metabolomics by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: combined targeted and untargeted profiling. Curr Protoc Mol Biol. 2016 Apr 1;114:30.4.1-30.4.32. doi: 10.1002/0471142727. mb3004s114. PMID: 27038389; PMCID: PMC4829120.
  18. Olesti E, Rodríguez-Morató J, Gomez-Gomez A, Ramaekers JG, de la Torre R, Pozo OJ. Quantification of endogenous neurotransmitters and related compounds by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta. 2019 Jan 15;192:93-102. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.034. Epub 2018 Sep 12. PMID: 30348434.
  19. Smirnova L, Seregin A, Boksha I, Dmitrieva E, Simutkin G, Kornetova E, Savushkina O, Letova A, Bokhan N, Ivanova S, Zgoda V. The difference in serum proteomes in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. BMC Genomics. 2019 Jul 11;20(Suppl 7):535. doi: 10.1186/s12864-019-5848-1. PMID: 31291891; PMCID: PMC6620192.
  20. Дмитриева Е.М., Смирнова Л.П., Логинова Л.В., Серегин А.А., Дмитриева Е.Г., Иванова С.А. Анализ различий в электрофоретическом распределении белков сыворотки крови больных шизофренией и здоровых лиц. Вестник Уральской медицинской академической науки. 2014. № 3 (49). С. 209-210.
  21. Логинова Л.В., Смирнова Л.П., Коваль В.В., Фёдорова О.С., Семке А.В., Иванова С.А. Масс-спектрометрический анализ белков сыворотки крови больных шизофренией. Сибирский научный медицинский журнал. 2011. Т. 31, № 6. С. 63-68.
  22. Dmitrieva E, Smirnova L, Seregin A, Zgoda V, Semke A, Ivanova S. Proteomic profile of serum from patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. PeerJ. 2022 Aug 30;10:e13907. doi: 10.7717/peerj.13907. PMID: 36061748; PMCID: PMC9438766.
  23. Sullivan CR, Koene RH, Hasselfeld K, O'Donovan SM, Ramsey A, McCullumsmith RE. Neuron-specific deficits of bioenergetic processes in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2019 Sep;24(9):1319-1328. doi: 10.1038/s41380-018-0035-3. Epub 2018 Mar 1. PMID: 29497148; PMCID: PMC6119539.
  24. Sullivan CR, O'Donovan SM, McCullumsmith RE, Ramsey A. Defects in Bioenergetic Coupling in Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2018 May 1;83(9):739-750. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017. 10.014. Epub 2017 Oct 24. PMID: 29217297; PMCID: PMC5891385.
  25. Cui G, Qing Y, Hu X, Wang P, Sun L, Yang X, Jiang J, Zhang J, Wang H, Feng L, Shen Y, Qin S, Wan C. serum metabolomic profiling based on fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry: do the dysfunctions of metabolic pathways reveal a universal risk of oxidative stress in schizophrenia? Antioxid Redox Signal. 2020 Oct 1;33(10):679-688. doi: 10.1089/ars.2020.8141. Epub 2020 Jul 23. PMID: 32578452.
  26. Cai HL, Li HD, Yan XZ, Sun B, Zhang Q, Yan M, Zhang WY, Jiang P, Zhu RH, Liu YP, Fang PF, Xu P, Yuan HY, Zhang XH, Hu L, Yang W, Ye HS. Metabolomic analysis of biochemical changes in the plasma and urine of first-episode neuroleptic-naïve schizophrenia patients after treatment with risperidone. J Proteome Res. 2012 Aug 3;11(8):4338-50. doi: 10.1021/pr300459d. Epub 2012 Jul 26. PMID: 22800120.
  27. Fournier M, Ferrari C, Baumann PS, Polari A, Monin A, Bellier-Teichmann T, Wulff J, Pappan KL, Cuenod M, Conus P, Do KQ. Impaired metabolic reactivity to oxidative stress in early psychosis patients. Schizophr Bull. 2014 Sep;40(5):973-83. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbu053. Epub 2014 Mar 31. PMID: 24687046; PMCID: PMC4133680.
  28. van Rensburg DJ, Lindeque Z, Harvey BH, Steyn SF. Reviewing the mitochondrial dysfunction paradigm in rodent models as platforms for neuropsychiatric disease research. Mitochondrion. 2022 May;64:82-102. doi: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.03.002. Epub 2022 Mar 17. PMID: 35307580.
  29. Cuperfain AB, Zhang ZL, Kennedy JL, Gonçalves VF. The complex interaction of mitochondrial genetics and mitochondrial pathways in psychiatric disease. Mol Neuropsychiatry. 2018 Jun;4(1):52-69. doi: 10.1159/000488031. Epub 2018 May 30. PMID: 29998118; PMCID: PMC6032034.
  30. Herberth M, Rahmoune H, Schwarz E, Koethe D, Harris LW, Kranaster L, Witt SH, Spain M, Barnes A, Schmolz M, Leweke MF, Guest PC, Bahn S. Identification of a molecular profile associated with immune status in first-onset schizophrenia patients. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses. 2014 Jan;7(4):207-15. doi: 10.3371/CSRP.HERA.020113. PMID: 23395839.
  31. Li Y, Zhou K, Zhang Z, Sun L, Yang J, Zhang M, Ji B, Tang K, Wei Z, He G, Gao L, Yang L, Wang P, Yang P, Feng G, He L, Wan C. Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis reveals dysfunction of complement pathway in peripheral blood of schizophrenia patients: evidence for the immune hypothesis of schizophrenia. Mol Biosyst. 2012 Oct;8(10):2664-71. doi: 10.1039/c2mb25158b. PMID: 22797129.
  32. Guest PC, Chan MK, Gottschalk MG, Bahn S. The use of proteomic biomarkers for improved diagnosis and stratification of schizophrenia patients. Biomark Med. 2014;8(1):15-27. doi: 10.2217/bmm.13.83. PMID: 24325222.
  33. Delaney S, Fallon B, Alaedini A, Yolken R, Indart A, Feng T, Wang Y, Javitt D. Inflammatory biomarkers in psychosis and clinical high risk populations. Schizophr Res. 2019 Apr;206:440-443. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.10.017. PMID: 30414721.
  34. Zheng P, Zeng B, Liu M, Chen J, Pan J, Han Y, Liu Y, Cheng K, Zhou C, Wang H, Zhou X, Gui S, Perry SW, Wong ML, Licinio J, Wei H, Xie P. The gut microbiome from patients with schizophrenia modulates the glutamate-glutamine-GABA cycle and schizophrenia-relevant behaviors in mice. Sci Adv. 2019 Feb 6;5(2):eaau8317. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aau 8317. Erratum in: Sci Adv. 2019 Jun 21;5(6):eaay2759. PMID: 30775438; PMCID: PMC6365110.
  35. Davison J, O'Gorman A, Brennan L, Cotter DR. A systematic review of metabolite biomarkers of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2018 May;195:32-50. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.09.021. Epub 2017 Sep 22. PMID: 28947341.
  36. Olsen JV, Mann M. Status of large-scale analysis of post-translational modifications by mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2013 Dec; 12(12):3444-52. doi: 10.1074/mcp.O113.034181. Epub 2013 Nov 1. PMID: 24187339; PMCID: PMC3861698.
  37. Chen X, Ku L, Mei R, Liu G, Xu C, Wen Z, Zhao X, Wang F, Xiao L, Feng Y. Novel schizophrenia risk factor pathways regulate FEZ1 to advance oligodendroglia development. Transl Psychiatry. 2017 Dec 18;7(12):1293. doi: 10.1038/s41398-017-0028-z. PMID: 29249816; PMCID: PMC5802537.
  38. Ishida YI, Kayama T, Kibune Y, Nishimoto S, Koike S, Suzuki T, Horiuchi Y, Miyashita M, Itokawa M, Arai M, Ogasawara Y. Identification of an argpyrimidine-modified protein in human red blood cells from schizophrenic patients: A possible biomarker for diseases involving carbonyl stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2017 Nov 4;493(1):573-577. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.08.150. Epub 2017 Sep 1. PMID: 28867194.
  39. Pinner AL, Tucholski J, Haroutunian V, McCullumsmith RE, Meador-Woodruff JH. Decreased protein S-palmitoylation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2016 Nov;177(1-3):78-87. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.01.054. PMID: 26876311; PMCID: PMC4981568.
  40. Večeřa J, Bártová E, Krejčí J, Legartová S, Komůrková D, Rudá-Kučerová J, Štark T, Dražanová E, Kašpárek T, Šulcová A, Dekker FJ, Szymanski W, Seiser C, Weitzer G, Mechoulam R, Micale V, Kozubek S. HDAC1 and HDAC3 underlie dynamic H3K9 acetylation during embryonic neurogenesis and in schizophrenia-like animals. J Cell Physiol. 2018 Jan;233(1):530-548. doi: 10.1002/jcp.25914. Epub 2017 May 3. PMID: 28300292.
  41. Rubio MD, Wood K, Haroutunian V, Meador-Woodruff JH. Dysfunction of the ubiquitin proteasome and ubiquitin-like systems in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013 Sep;38(10):1910-20. doi: 10.1038/npp.2013.84. Epub 2013 Apr 9. PMID: 23571678; PMCID: PMC3746696.
  42. Gao S, Cheng J, Li G, Sun T, Xu Y, Wang Y, Du X, Xu G, Duan S. Catechol-O-methyltransferase gene promoter methylation as a peripheral biomarker in male schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry. 2017 Jul;44:39-46. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.03.002. Epub 2017 Mar 30. PMID: 28545007.
  43. Scott MR, Rubio MD, Haroutunian V, Meador-Woodruff JH. Protein Expression of Proteasome Subunits in Elderly Patients with Schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2016 Feb;41(3):896-905. doi: 10.1038/npp.2015.219. Epub 2015 Jul 23. PMID: 26202105; PMCID: PMC4707836.
  44. Schwarz E, Guest PC, Steiner J, Bogerts B, Bahn S. Identification of blood-based molecular signatures for prediction of response and relapse in schizophrenia patients. Transl Psychiatry. 2012 Feb 21;2(2):e82. doi: 10.1038/tp.2012.3. PMID: 22832819; PMCID: PMC3309553.
  45. Shrivastava A, Johnston M, Bureau Y, Shah N. Baseline serum prolactin in drug-naive, first-episode schizophrenia and outcome at five years: is it a predictive factor? Innov Clin Neurosci. 2012 Apr;9(4):17-21. PMID: 22666637; PMCID: PMC3366455.
  46. Khaleel NDH, Mahmoud WMM, Olsson O, Kümmerer K. Studying the fate of the drug Chlorprothixene and its photo transformation products in the aquatic environment: Identification, assessment and priority setting by application of a combination of experiments and various in silico assessments. Water Res. 2019 Feb 1;149:467-476. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.075. PMID: 30472549.
  47. Čarapić M, Nikolic K, Marković B, Petković M, Pavlovic M, Agbaba D. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the rapid, simultaneous analysis of ziprasidone and its impurities. Biomed Chromatogr. 2019 Feb;33(2):e4384. doi: 10.1002/bmc.4384. Epub 2018 Oct 17. PMID: 30215855.
  48. Khelfi A, Azzouz M, Abtroun R, Reggabi M, Alamir B. Determination of Chlorpromazine, Haloperidol, Levomepromazine, Olanzapine, Risperidone, and Sulpiride in Human Plasma by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Int J Anal Chem. 2018 Sep 2;2018:5807218. doi: 10.1155/2018/5807218. PMID: 30245722; PMCID: PMC6139205.
  49. Boumba VA, Rallis G, Petrikis P, Vougiouklakis T, Mavreas V. Determination of clozapine, and five antidepressants in human plasma, serum and whole blood by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: A simple tool for clinical and postmortem toxicological analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2016 Dec 1;1038:43-48. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.10.023. PMID: 27788407.
  50. He Y, Yu Z, Giegling I, Xie L, Hartmann AM, Prehn C, Adamski J, Kahn R, Li Y, Illig T, Wang-Sattler R, Rujescu D. Schizophrenia shows a unique metabolomics signature in plasma. Transl Psychiatry. 2012 Aug 14;2(8):e149. doi: 10.1038/tp.2012.76. PMID: 22892715; PMCID: PMC3432190.
  51. Perkins DO, Jeffries CD, Addington J, Bearden CE, Cadenhead KS, Cannon TD, Cornblatt BA, Mathalon DH, McGlashan TH, Seidman LJ, Tsuang MT, Walker EF, Woods SW, Heinssen R. Towards a psychosis risk blood diagnostic for persons experiencing high-risk symptoms: preliminary results from the NAPLS project. Schizophr Bull. 2015 Mar;41(2):419-28. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbu099. PMID: 25103207; PMCID: PMC4332942.
  52. Porozova N, Danilova E, Senshinov I, Tsakalof A, Nosyrev A. Experiences and perspectives of GC-MS application for the search of low molecular weight discriminants of schizophrenia. Molecules. 2022 Dec 31;28(1):324. doi: 10.3390/molecules28010324. PMID: 36615518; PMCID: PMC9822242.
  53. Yang J, Chen T, Sun L, Zhao Z, Qi X, Zhou K, Cao Y, Wang X, Qiu Y, Su M, Zhao A, Wang P, Yang P, Wu J, Feng G, He L, Jia W, Wan C. Potential metabolite markers of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2013 Jan;18(1):67-78. doi: 10.1038/mp.2011.131. Epub 2011 Oct 25. PMID: 22024767; PMCID: PMC3526727.
  54. Mednova IA, Chernonosov AA, Kasakin MF, Kornetova EG, Semke AV, Bokhan NA, Koval VV, Ivanova SA. Amino acid and acylcarnitine levels in chronic patients with schizophrenia: a preliminary study. Metabolites. 2021 Jan 5;11(1):34. doi: 10.3390/metabo11010034. PMID: 33466490; PMCID: PMC7824812.
  55. Mednova IA, Chernonosov AA, Kornetova EG, Semke AV, Bokhan NA, Koval VV, Ivanova SA. Levels of acylcarnitines and branched-chain amino acids in antipsychotic-treated patients with paranoid schizophrenia with metabolic syndrome. Metabolites. 2022 Sep 9;12(9):850. doi: 10.3390/metabo12090850. PMID: 36144254; PMCID: PMC9504797.
  56. Al Awam K, Haußleiter IS, Dudley E, Donev R, Brüne M, Juckel G, Thome J. Multiplatform metabolome and proteome profiling identifies serum metabolite and protein signatures as prospective biomarkers for schizophrenia. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2015 Aug;122 Suppl 1:S111-22. doi: 10.1007/s00702-014-1224-0. Epub 2014 May 1. PMID: 24789758.
  57. Chen X, Xu J, Tang J, Dai X, Huang H, Cao R, Hu J. Dysregulation of amino acids and lipids metabolism in schizophrenia with violence. BMC Psychiatry. 2020 Mar 4;20(1):97. doi: 10.1186/s12888-020-02499-y. PMID: 32131778; PMCID: PMC7055102.
  58. Tenenbaum JD, Bhuvaneshwar K, Gagliardi JP, Fultz Hollis K, Jia P, Ma L, Nagarajan R, Rakesh G, Subbian V, Visweswaran S, Zhao Z, Rozenblit L. Translational bioinformatics in mental health: open access data sources and computational biomarker discovery. Brief Bioinform. 2019 May 21;20(3):842-856. doi: 10.1093/bib/bbx157. PMID: 29186302; PMCID: PMC6585382.
  59. Karathanasis N, Tsamardinos I, Lagani V. omicsNPC: applying the non-parametric combination methodology to the integrative analysis of heterogeneous omics data. PLoS One. 2016 Nov 3;11(11):e0165545. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone. 0165545. PMID: 27812137; PMCID: PMC5094732.
  60. Li H, Yuan Z, Ji J, Xu J, Zhang T, Zhang X, Xue F. A novel Markov Blanket-based repeated-fishing strategy for capturing phenotype-related biomarkers in big omics data. BMC Genet. 2016 Mar 9;17:51. doi: 10.1186/s12863-016-0358-5. PMID: 26957081; PMCID: PMC4784463.
  61. Chang X, Lima LA, Liu Y, Li J, Li Q, Sleiman PMA, Hakonarson H. Common and rare genetic risk factors converge in protein interaction networks underlying schizophrenia. Front Genet. 2018 Sep 28;9:434. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00434. PMID: 30323833; PMCID: PMC6172705.
  62. Luo X, Huang L, Jia P, Li M, Su B, Zhao Z, Gan L. Protein-protein interaction and pathway analyses of top schizophrenia genes reveal schizophrenia susceptibility genes converge on common molecular networks and enrichment of nucleosome (chromatin) assembly genes in schizophrenia susceptibility loci. Schizophr Bull. 2014 Jan;40(1):39-49. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbt066. Epub 2013 May 12. PMID: 23671194; PMCID: PMC3885298